Happy New Year 2076!!!

कालले भौतिकलाई पचाउँछ, कालले प्रजाको संहार गर्छ, सुत्दा पनि काल जागै हुन्छ र काल अजेय छ । -चाणक्य नीति

समय बलशाली भन्ने प्रसङ्ग यहाँ आएको छ । हामी वर्ष बितेको भन्छौं तर वर्षले बिताएको हामै दिन हो, उसको केही बिताएको छैन । नयाँ वर्ष आयो भन्छौं तर यसले हामीलाई ल्याएको केही हुँदैन । हामी आफैं जागरूक भयौं भने हरेक क्षण नयाँ पुरानो नभई प्रचुर कुराहरू हासिल गर्ने अवसर पाइराख्छौं । न पुरानो वर्ष थोत्रो भएको छ न नयाँ वर्ष नै टल्केर आएको हो । यो त हाम्रो सोच मात्रै हो । आफ्नो कर्तव्यका लागि हामी सधैं तयार रहँदा हरेक क्षण हाम्रा नयाँ वर्ष र दायित्वबाट पन्छंदै दोषारोपण गर्ने बानी हटाएन भने नयाँ वर्षले पो के देला र । (चाणक्य नीति बाट साभार)

Medicines, Doctors and We in Business

मेडिकल औषधि सामान्य चर्चा

समय बदलिए सगैँ जनघनत्वमा चाप पर्यो । सामान्यतय मानीस प्राकृतिक रूपमा जन्मन्छ, बलक देखि बैयस्क (युवा अवस्था) हुदै बृद्ध, बृद्धा अवस्थामा प्रवेश गर्दछ । चाहे धनाड्य होस या गरीब नै किन नहोस, यस विचमा मानिसले विभिन्न प्रकारका दुख कष्ट खेपेकै हुन्छन त्यसमा प्राकृतिक मानवकालागी विरामी हुन एक सामान्य कुरा हो । 

विरामी पछि;
सामान्यतय विरामी भएलगतै हामी आजभोली नजीकैको मेडिकल किल्नीक गएर सामान्य औषधि लिई सेवन गर्ने गरेका छौँ । यसले कसैलाई त फाईदा पुगेको होला तर कसैलाई भने यसले बेफाईदा पनि त प’गेको छ । तर यसो भन्दा कतिको ठिक होला नि ?

औषधिको प्रभाव ;
औषधिले प्रभाव पार्छ कि पार्दैन होला त ? औषधिले पार्ने प्रभाव प्राय सकारात्मनै हुन्छ तर यसले पार्ने नकरात्मकताका बारेमा पनि थोरबहुत चर्चा चल्छ र यसका उदाहरणह? पनि प्रसस्तै पाईन्छ । उदाहरणकालागी ब्लाएन्ड रक्सका संस्थापक सृष्टि केसि, गलत औषधिका कारण आँखाको ज्येति गुम्न पुग्यो ।
औषधिले पार्ने सकरात्मक प्रभाव पनि केवल केहि समयकालागी मात्र हुने तथ्याङ्कहरू पाईन्छन् । यसका Long Term Effectहरू पनि छन् । when antibiotics destroy good bacteria in the gut । एंटीबायोटिक्सले मोटोपना बढाउने गरेको र डाएबेटिज, अस्थमा, म’ट’रोग तथा अन्य रोगह?को सङ्क्रमण पनि देखा पर्ने गरेको पाइएको छ ।  

औषधि एक विरामीपना बाट छुटकारा दिलाउने प्रम’ख निवारक तत्व मानीएकै कारण संसारभर यसको प्रयोग बढेको छ । विभिन्न फार्मासिटिकल कम्पनि लगायतले विभिन्न प्रकारका औषधिहरू बेला बखत सार्वजनिक गर्नका साथै आफना आँैषधि प्रतिसप्रधात्मक रूपमा बजारलगीने गरिन्छ ।
ब्यापारीक ढङगबाट हरेक औषधि तथा औषधिजन्य बस्त’ह? बजारमा त लगीएकै छ । बजारमा लगेर अनेकन मोलमोलाई गर्ने तथा डाक्टरलाई महाँगा तथा बहुमुल्य उपहार दिई  लालचकाभरमा उनिहरूका कम्पनीका औसधि तथा आँैषधिजन्य बस्तुहरू वित्रि वितरण गर्ने गर्दछन् । सामान्य तथा औषधि सेवन गर्न नपर्ने अवस्था लगायतलाई पनि विभिन्न प्रकारका औषधि दिईने गरिन्छ । यसले गर्दा सर्वसाधारणको स्वस्थयअवस्थामा सामान्यतय केहि नभएकादेखिएता पनि यस व्यवसायले औषधि व्यापारीलाई अति फाईदामा राहेको देखिन्छ ।

रोगको निवारण गर्नु भन्दा रोग लाग्नै नदिनु बुद्धिमानी भनिन्छ । तर रोग र भोक नलाग्ने मानिस यदाकदा कहानिमा मात्र सिमित होलान । औसधि प्रयोग र यसको व्यवसायिकरण सम्मको यस सानो चर्चाले समय परिवेशको गतिशिलतालाई औलाउने, समाज र सभ्यताको विकासक्रमलाई निर्देश पनि गर्नेछ ।
मेरो बुझाईमा औषधिको प्रयोग गर्न विरामीपना हटाउन हो तर के यो नै असली समस्याको समाधान हो त ?

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How To download drivers for all laptop pc's and all software downloading?

What do you have to do first, when you take a new PC or reformat your PC?
You have to install much software on your PC, which is very important and without which your PC will take a big paperweight rather than a PC. Such software comes in Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox, VLC Media Player, WinRAR, Java etc.

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Source from  the video as below Ninite Install Update Free Software Info Hindi

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विकास र परिर्वर्तन नाप्दा नाप्दै ! Measuring the Development

विकास र परिर्वर्तन नाप्दा नाप्दै !

हुन त आजको युग २१आँै शताब्दी को युग । युग-युगान्तर परिवर्तन पछिको युग । आजको युग भाई भारदार, नातावाद, कृपावाद भन्दा market बजार मा बढि केन्द्रत छ जस्का कारण महाँगि चुलिएको छ । (Market price is based on demand and supply)

किनकी देशको सरकार राजनैतिक आडमा टिकेको छ र सरकार तबसम्म टिक्छ जबसक्क उस्ले जनता रुझाउन सक्छ । (Political activity is necessary to change the government but the government seems civil friendly.)

विकसित हुनुको मतलब आधुनिक र भौतिकताले सुसर्जीत राष्ट्र र त्याँहाका जनतासँग आफनो जीवन स्तर दाँजनु कहाँ हो र । हिजो हामी कुन अवस्थामा थियौ र आज हाम्रो अवस्था कस्तो छ ? त्यस कुरा मनन् गर्नु पनि आवश्यक छ ।

पुजीवादी सँस्कार एउटा सोच वा मनसाय हो । यस्लाई म धमिलो पानी भन्न बढि रुचाउछु । अरुको देखासेखि गर्दैमा विकसीत हुने कहाँ हो र । मानिस वहकाउमा पर्न भन्दा पनि विवेकशील र ज्ञानवान हुन जरुरी छ जस्तो लाग्छ । आजका भाराभुरीलाई Fashion ले लत्यई सक्यो । राम्रो देखिनु र बन्नु पाए भयो ।

एक पल्ट नेपाल के कस्तो अवस्थामा पुगेको छ ? त्यता पनि ध्यान दिआँै है । कर्ण “शाक्य” जि को पहिलो पुस्तक “सोच” पढ्नुहुन पनि अनुरोध छ । यसबाट नेपाललाई हेर्ने दृष्टिकोणमा परिवर्तन हुनेछ ।

चैत्य वा मूर्तिहरु निर्माण गरेका लाभहरु

नमो तस्स भगवतो अरहतो सम्मासम्बुद्धस्स ।

चैत्य वा मूर्तिहरु निर्माण गरेका लाभहरु

प्राणप्रतिष्ठा गरिसकिएको मूर्ति वा चैत्यमा वन्दना, पूजा तथा परिकमाआदि जस्ता शुभकार्य गरेदेखि नै यो लोकको साथै परलोकमा पनि सुख शान्ति उत्पादन हुन्छ । अन्ततः मोक्ष प्राप्ति भई शुद्ध बुद्धभुमिमा जन्म लिनेछ भनी प्रामाणिक बुद्धवचन तन्त्रमा भन्नुभएको छ । त्यस्तै प्राणप्रतिष्ठा तन्त्रमा भनिएको छ— सबैले सत्य मेहेनत द्वारा सिद्धिप्राप्त गर्ने चाहाना राख्नेले यस कुरामा सचेत हुनुपर्छ । यो विधि आफू स्वयमका क्षमता विवेकद्वारा परीक्षा गरी बातइएकोले विधिपूर्वक गरेमा ठूलो पुण्य प्राप्त हुनेछ । त्यस्तै अतिश गुरु विरचित प्राणप्रतिष्ठामा भनिएको छ– महिना, बार, नक्षत्र, सूर्यको समय अनुकूल परेको बेला भनेअनुसार कर्म गर्नसकेमा मनले चिताएको सबै पूरा हुन्छ । प्राणप्रतिष्ठा पनि उत्तम हुन्छ । अरु पनि बुद्धको प्रतिमा चैत्य आदिबाट सिद्धि प्राप्त हुने काम गर्दछ । थोरै मात्र राम्रो मनले चिताउनसकेसम्म पनि जन्मजन्मान्तरमा आवश्यक अर्थहरु सिद्ध भएर जान्छ । यसैगरी मन्त्र धारण गर्नेहरुले धर्मयुक्त पूजा गरेको र त्यस कर्मको शक्तिले जन्मजन्मान्तरसम्म पूजा गर्न पाउने छ । त्यस्तै झयाङतेरको अधिष्ठानको उपदेशमा भनिएको छ– बुद्धको आधार मुर्ति वा चैत्यमा विशेष रुपमा प्राणप्रतिष्ठा गरेको गुणचाहिँ अवर्णनीय हुन्छ । भगवान बुद्ध लोकमा आगमान हुँदाको गुण समान हुन्छ । यो शुभकार्य गर्नाले बुद्धको शासनको जग बसालेको र धर्मलाई पालन गर्ने सबैको चिरायु, मंगल हुनेछ र मनुष्यका साथै पशुपक्षीहरुको रोग पनि शान्त भएर जानेछ । अन्ततः त्यस प्रतिमा वा चैत्य जीवित रहुन्जेलसम्म समयअनुकूल वर्षा हुनेजस्ता शुभमंगल अटुट रुपमा रहनेछ ।

सामान्यतया लेकमा भगवान् बुद्धको निर्माणकाय प्रादुर्भाव भइ यस स्थान र आश्रयहरुमा प्राणप्रतिष्ठा गरिएको प्रसादरुपी माटोहरु र द्रव्यहरु आदिलाई लिएर नयाँ मूर्ति वा चैत्यमा राखेमा प्राणप्रतिष्ठा भएको मानिन्छ । सिद्धि प्राप्त गरेका योगी अथवा शूनयता ज्ञान बोध गरेका बोधिसत्वहरुले दर्शन गर्दा वा त्यस स्थानमा पावकष्ट गर्दा मात्रले पनि अधिष्ठान हुनसक्छ र सात दिनसम्म त्यस स्थानमा बसेर साधना गरेमा निश्चय नै प्राणप्रतिष्ठा भएको मानिन्छ । विशेषगरी चित्तको प्रतिकको प्रतिनिधित्व गर्ने चैत्य आदिमा मेरुदण्ड राख्दा र धारणी मन्त्र राखेको फाइदा पनि आर्यविमलप्रभ सूत्र, त्यस पवित्र आधार मूर्ति वा चैत्यहरुको दर्शन गर्नाले, यसबारे सुन्नाले, स्मरण गर्नाले, यसलाई शरीरले छुनाले वा त्यस पवित्र मूर्ति वा चैत्य रहेको स्थानको हावाले छोए पनि नर्क, प्रेत, पशुको जन्मजस्ता दुर्गतिबाट मुक्त हुनेछ । र देव, मनुष्यजस्ता सुगतिको चोला प्राप्त गरी अन्ततः सबै दोषबाट मुक्त भई सम्पूर्ण गुणले युक्त भएर सम्यक सम्बुद्धको पद प्राप्ति हुन्छ । यो सत्य कुरा वुद्ध बोधिसत्वहरुको वचनमा विस्तारमा वताइएको छ ।

चैत्यको संक्षिप्त जानकारी

गर्न भनी शिष्यहरुलाई आज्ञा दिएका थिए । बुद्धको महापरिनिर्वाणपछि भगवान् बुद्धको स्मरण स्वरुप

राज्यमा विभाजन गरी आठवटा चैत्य निर्माण गरियो । तीभध्ये दुइवटा ठाउँ हाल हाम्रो नेपालमा कपिलवस्तु र रामग्राम नवलपरासी पर्दछ । 

धर्म विहार तथा चैत्यका भित्र बाहिरा वरिपरि हामीले श्रद्धाका साथ वा खुशीले सरसफा गरेभने पाँच प्रकारका पुण्य फल पाउने छ । यस सम्बन्धित भिक्षु आनन्दको प्रश्नको उत्तरमा कुटागार सूत्रमाभगवान् बुद्धले भन्नु भयो, “आनन्द, सरसफा गरेको लाभ पाँच प्रकारका छन्। ती पाँच के के हुन् भन्दा, आनन्द, यसरी हो । आफ्नो मन आनन्द हुने । अरुको मन खुशी हुने । देवहरुका मन प्रसन्न हुने । आकर्षक कर्म गरी पुण्य संचय हुने र देह त्यागेपछि उच्च सुगति देव योनिहरुमा जन्म लिने गरिन्छ ।” महापरिनिर्वाण चैत्य निर्माण गरेको लाभ

महापरिनिर्वाण चैत्य निर्माण गरेमा ठुलो दान गर्नु भन्दा पनि महा पुण्य हुने विषयमा कुटागार सूत्रमै— भगवान् बुद्धले यसरी भन्नु हुन्छ । “कुनै श्रद्धालु कुल पुत्र वा कुल पुत्रीले सात किसिम्का रत्नले भरेर चढाउनु । र कुनै व्यक्तिले तथागत अर्हत सम्यकसम्बुद्ध महापरिनिर्वाणको चैत्य माटोले अमला जति मात्र बनाउन दिनु । प्राण-प्रतिक सुई जति मात्र स्थापना गर्न लगाउनु । छत्र पात जति मात्र छोप्न लगाई काय-प्रतिमा गहुँको दाना जति मात्र बनाउन लगाउनु । अस्थि-अवशेष तीलको अन्न जति मात्र प्रवेश गराएभने । आनन्द, यहीनै त्यो भन्दा अधिक पुण्य संचय हुनेछ भनि म भन्दछु ।” --- “त्यो के कारणले हो भन्दा । आनन्द, यथा तथागत अर्हत सम्यक सम्बुद्ध भनेको दान अपरििमत, शील अपरिमित, क्षान्ति

अपरिमित, वीर्य अपरिमित, ध्यान अपरिमित, प्रज्ञा अपरिमित, मैत्री देखी उपेक्षा सम्म अपरिमित ज्ञानले युक्त हुनुहुन्छ । आनन्द, तथागत अर्हत सम्यक सम्बुद्ध भनेको सर्व अपरिमित गुणहरुले युक्त छन् ।”

हामी हिँड्दा, डुल्दा पैदलमुनी थिचिएर किटाणुहरु मर्ने भएको हुनाले आफ्नो खुट्टाको मुनी मरिने किरा

"ॐ खेचर गन हुँ ही स्वाहाः" सात पल्ट उच्चारण गर्नुपर्दछ। तत्पश्चात आफ्नो पैदलमा थुक लगाएर पैतालामुनी परी मरेका सबै प्राणीहरु सुगतिमा जन्मुन् भनी प्रणिधान गर्नुपर्दछ ।

वन्दनामन्त्रः नमो मञ्जुश्रीये । नमः सुश्रीये । नमः उत्तमश्रीये स्वाहा । (३)

नमो तस्स भगवतो अर्हतो सम्मा संबुद्धस्स । (3) अर्थातः उहाँ तथागत भगवान् अर्हत सम्यकसमबुद्धलाई प्रणाम ।

७ारण गमन र चित्तोत्पाद

बुद्धम् शरणम् गच्छामी । धर्मम् शरणम् गच्छामी । संघम् शरणम् गच्छामी । (३) अर्थातः वुद्धको शरणमा जानेछु । धर्मको शरणमा जानेछु । संघको शरणमा जानेछु । बुद्ध, धर्म तथा उत्तम संघगणमा बोधिलाभ नभइन्जेल सम्म शरणमा गइरहनेछु।

मैले दान आदि गरेको सम्भाराले, सबै प्राणीहरुका कल्याणका निम्ति बुद्धत्व प्राप्त गर्न सकुँ । (३)

चार असीम भावना ( मैत्री, करुणा, प्रसन्नता र उपेक्षा )

सबै प्राणीहरु सुख र सुखको हेतुले युक्त होउन् । (समस्त प्राणी प्रति मैत्री भावना गर्ने) सम्पूर्ण प्राणीहरु दुःख र दुःखको हेतुबाट मुक्त होउन् । (सबै प्राणी प्रति करुणाको भावना गर्ने) समस्त प्राणीहरु दुःखरहित सुखबाट विमुख हुनु नपरुन् । (समस्त प्राणी प्रति प्रसन्नताको भावना गर्ने)

सबै सत्वहरु भेद-भाव एवं राग द्वेषबाट मुक्त भई उपेक्षा भावमा रहन सकुन् । (सर्व प्राणी प्रति उपेक्षाको भावना गर्ने)

शाक्य मुनि बुद्धको मंत्रःः- ॐ मुनि मुनि महामुनये स्वाहा।

प्रज्ञादेव मञ्जूश्रीको मंत्रःः- ॐ० अ र प च न धी : अार्य लोकेशवरको मंत्रःः- ॐ मणि पझे हूँ। तारा देवीको मन्त्रः ॐ तारे तुतारे तुरे स्वाहा। गुरु पद्मसम्भवको मन्त्रः ॐ आ हूँ वज्र गुरु पद्म सिद्धि हूँ। . पुण्य वृद्धि हुने मंत्रः ऊ धुरु धुरु जय मुखे स्वाहा ।

परिक्रम मंत्र- ऊाँ नमो भगवते रत्न केतु राजाय तथागताय आहते सम्यक संबुद्धाय तद्यथा ऊँ रत्ने रत्ने महा रत्न विजये स्वाहा । (यो मंत्र जप्दै गुम्बा वा चैत्यहरुमा परिकम गर्दा ठुलो लाभ हुनेछ ।)

पुण्य मूल घोडा जस्तै हो । प्रार्थना लगाम जस्तै हो । साधकले जे धर्म कार्यहरु गरे तापनि राम्रो प्रार्थना गरेभने राम्रा फल पाउने कारणमा पविर्तित हुने भएकोले प्रणिधान अथवा परिणामना गर्नु पर्छ भनी शास्ताले भन्नु भएको छ । त्यसकारण विहान पूजा पाठपछि वा बेलुकी सुत्नुभन्दा पूर्व गरिनुपर्दछ । यहाँ संक्षिप्त तर परिपूर्ण भएका परिणामना र प्रणिधानको बारे तल दिईएको छ ।

Գ) जसरी वीरमञ्जुले बुझनु हुन्छ, समन्त भद्रले पनि त्यसरीनै गर्नुभएको थियो ।

उहाँहरुले जस्तै म आफूले पनि अनुसरण गर्दै, सञ्चय गरिएका सबै कुशल मूलहरुलाई परिणामना गर्दछु । त्रिकालका सबै बुद्धहरुले, जसरी परिणामनालाई उत्तम तवरले प्रशंसा गरेजस्तै, म आफूले संचित गरेका सबै कुशल मूलहरु पनि, भद्रचर्याका निम्ति परिणामना गर्दछु । २) सबै सत्वप्राणीहरु सुखले युक्त होउन्,

दुर्गतिका सबै प्राणीहरु त्यसबाट मुक्त होउन्। बोधिसत्व जहाँ रहनुभएको छ, वहाँहरु सबैको प्रणिधान स्वतः सिद्ध होउन्।

आठ चैत्यका संक्षिप्त परिचय

पद्म चैत्य- कपिलवस्तु राज्यको लुम्बिनी स्थित ई.पु. ५६३ वैशाख पूर्णिमाका दिन शाक्यवंशीहरुको वंशमा बोधिसत्व राजकुमार सिद्धार्थको जन्म भएपछि राजा शुद्धोधनले यस प्रकारका चैत्य निर्माण गरेका थिए ।

सम्यक सम्बोधि चैत्य- भारतको बोधगयामा बोधिसत्व सिद्धार्थले सम्यक सम्बोधि प्राप्त गरेपछि राजा विम्बिसारले यस प्रकारको चैत्य निर्माण गर्नुभएको थियो ।

धर्मचक्र प्रर्वतन चैत्य- तथागत बुद्धले भारत, सारनाथमा चार आर्यसत्यबारे पहिलोपटक धर्म प्रवचन गरेका थिए । त्यसैको सम्झनामा चैत्य निर्माण गरे ।

भयो । त्यसै अवसरमा मगधका जनताहरुले यस प्रकारका चैत्य स्थापना गरे ।

ऋद्धिसिद्धि प्रदर्शन चैत्य- शाक्यमुनि बुद्ध ५० वर्ष पुग्नुहुँदा श्रावस्तीमा चन्द्र पात्रोको पहिलो महिनाको १ गते देखि १५ गतेसम्म ऋद्धि शक्ति प्रदर्शन गर्नु भएको थियो । उहाँले मार र " तीर्थकहरुमाथि विजय प्राप्त गर्नुभयो । त्यसैको सम्झनामा त्याहाँका लिच्छवीहरुले यस प्रकारका चैत्य स्थापना गरे ।

तुषित देवलोकबाट अवतरण चैत्य- तथागत बुद्ध आफूलाई जन्म दिने परम माता र देव देवीहरुलाई धर्म देशनाको लागि तुषित देवलोक पुग्नुभई पुनः मानवलोकमा अवतरण गर्नुभएको सम्झनामा यस प्रकारका चैत्य निर्माण गरे ।

विजय चैत्य– तथागत वुद्ध ८० वर्षको हुँदा उहाँले महापरिनिवार्ण हुनाका लागि यस संसारलाई त्याग्ने घोषणा गर्नुभयो । तर, भक्तजनहरुको अनुरोधमा तीन महिनासम्मका लागि आफ्नो आयु लम्ब्याउनु भएको थियो । त्यसैको उपलक्ष्यमा उस्तो प्रकारको चैत्य निर्माण भएको हो ।

महापरिनिर्वाण चैत्य- ८० वर्षको हुनुहुँदा कुशीनगरमा भगवान् बुद्धको महापरिनिर्वाण पश्चात त्याहाँका मल्लहरुले यस प्रकारका चैत्य निर्माण गरेका हुन् ।

श्रद्धालु दावाज्युको अनुरोध अनुसार म भिक्षु जम्याङ् टुल्कुको तरफबाट हाम्रो बौद्ध दाजु भाई तथा दिदि बहिनीलाई भनि मेरो हार्दिक निवेदन तथा प्रार्थना छ ।

 धन्यवाद ।

सर्व मंगलम भवतु ।

Practice of Social Change and Development in Nepal, Term Paper of 2nd Semester, M.A, TU

ON APPLIED SOCIOLOGY
WITH HISTORICAL ANALYSIS
SINCE 150 TO 21ST CENTURY

Practice of Social Change and Development in Nepal

Submitted By: Amir Moktan
Semester: 2nd Semester M.A

Department of Sociology Ratna Rajya Campus 

Affiliated to TUBhrikutimandap, Kathmandu

TABLE OF CONTENT

1.    INTRODUCTION

2.   ORIGINS OF APPLIED SOCIOLOGY: 1850 TO 1920

3.   ACADEMIC VERSUS APPLIED SOCIOLOGY: 1920 TO 1940

4.   FEDERAL FUNDING FOR APPLIED SOCIOLOGY: 1940 TO 1980

5.   PROFESSIONALISM AND TRAINING APPLIED SOCIOLOGY: 1980

6.   APPLIED SOCIOLOGY IN THE 21ST CENTURY

7.   CONCLUSIONS

8.   REFERENCE

Introduction

Applied sociology is the oldest and most general term for what Lester F. Ward identified more than 1000 years ago as "The means and methods for the artificial improvement of social conditions on the part of man and society as conscious and intelligent agents". Applied sociology uses sociology knowledge and research skills to gain empirically based knowledge to inform decision makers, clients, and the general public about social problems, issues, processes, and conditions so that might make informed choices and improve the quality of life (Rossi and Whyte 1983; Steele, Scarisbrick-Hauser, and Hauser.

Today, at the beginning of the twenty-first century, this concept of applied sociology fits nicely with the National Institutes of Health's Zerhouni and the National Institute of Mental Health's new funding initiatives in translational research, which require that scientists tie their research to practical applications. Early in the twentieth century, Ward separated applied sociology from civic and social reform. The relationship between applied sociology, on the one hand, and deliberate interventions based in sociological reasoning by social engineers and lineal sociologists, on the other, has been a source of contention ever since. This term paper will focus on the history and development of applied sociology.

This term paper divides the past 150 years into four periods:

1)     From the origins of sociology through the end of World War I, 1850 to 1920;

2)      The struggle between academic sociology and applied sociology;

3)      The growth of federally sponsored research from World War II through the end of the War on Poverty, 1940 to 1980; and

4)      The emergence of a more independent and professional applied sociology since 1980.

1.     ORIGINS OF APPLIED SOCIOLOGY: 1850 TO 1920

Auguste Comte, who created sociology, divided into social statics, the study of the conditions and preconditions of social order, and social dynamics, the study of human progress and evolution. Comte wrote that the statical view if society is the basis of sociology but that the dynamical view is not only the more interesting of the two but more philosophical, since social dynamics would study the laws of the rises and fall of societies and furnish the true theory of progress for political practice.

In contrast, Herbert Spencer argued against any form of artificial interference and that sociologists should convince the public that society must be free from the meddling of governments and reformers. Spencer was a strong advocate of Laissez-faire and coined the phrase "survival of the fittest" several years before Darwin wrote Origin of the Species.

Within academic circles, one of Spencer's early supporters was William Sraham Summer. Summer introduced the first serious course in sociology in the United States at Yale University in 1875, adopting Spencer's The Study of Sociology as the text.Lester F. Ward, who brought the term, applied sociology into the discipline, spent most of his career as a paleontologist with the United States Geological Survey, joining the Sociology Department of Brown University in 1906 when he was 65.

Dynamic Sociology was the first major American work on sociology and although not intended as a text, was on the reading lists of early sociology courses. On the other hand, Ward) was very skeptical about the efforts of utopian social reform and socialist movements that favored radical and abrupt changes in social structures.

The key activist researcher was Florence Kelley, the daughter of a U.S. congressman, who studied at Cornell University and the University of Zurich and, in 1887, translated Engel's The Conditions of the Working Class in England.

In 1892, the Illinois Bureau of Labor Statistics hired Kelley to investigate the "sweating" system in the Chicago garment industry.Jane Addams followed her own applied and activist track in Chicago. Throughout her career, she maintained a tenuous relationship with academic sociology.

In 1916, Lee left Ford to develop the field of personnel management Lee **rote a paper on the Ford profit-sharing system for the Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Sciences.

2.     ACADEMIC VERSUS APPLIED SOCIOLOGY: 1920 TO 1940

In 1916, sociology students at the University of Southern California started a journal, Studies in Sociology, but in October 1921, they changed its name to Journal of Applied Sociology. "The major Ills of the Social Survey" by Seba Eldridge," A Race Relations Survey" by Robert E. Park, and "Social Psychology of Fads" by Emory Bogaardus. But in 1927, the JAS was combined with the Bulletin of Social Research to become Sociology and Social Research. i In 1916, U.S. President Woodrow Wilson, a former Princeton professor of political science, supported a request by the National Academy of Sciences to create a National Research Council (NRC) to organize research and secure the cooperation of military and civilian agencies as a measure of national preparedness (Cochrane 1978).

In 1921, Congress passed the national origins immigration Quota Act that discouraged immigration from eastern and southern Europe. The next year, the NRC asked for social science representation on a study of human migration. On taking office in 1929, President Herbert Hoover established the President's Research Committee on Social trends in the hope that social issues and problems could be scrutinized in the rational manager that had characterized his earlier efforts Ciat reduced domestic consumption of food by 15 percent without rationing during World War I and his organization of flood relief work and health improvement in 1927.

In his 1929 ASS Presidential address, Ogburn (1930) declared that "sociology as a science is not interested in making the world a better place in which to live." On the surface this appears to be rejection of Ward's amelioration and revival of summer's laissez-faire position. The concept of social engineering was developed by Willian Tolman, who thought that industrialists should assume more social responsibility for their workers and should hire social engineers to be the primary intermediary between the industrialists and the employees.

In 1934, Social Forces asked 23 prominent sociologists to contribute to a Round Table Symposium to address questions such as "What is the role of sociology in current social reconstruction?" Arthur E. Wood (1934) recounted that Charles Coley said that n his early days he had the greatest difficulty in trying to tell his colleagues the difference between sociology and socialism. Borrowing terms from William James, Wood then identified three types of sociologists:

a)     The tough minded who are all for objectivity but sit on the sidelines when it comes to the hard contests over practical issues;

b)     The tender minded or welfare sociologists who come from a background of religion of social work and tinker around the edges without much knowledge or insight into the nature of the structure which they would change; and

c)     The radicals, that is, those active in partisan or revolutionary movements, who have an analysis of the social order and a blue print of what should be done but whose strength lies in their dogmatism which does not quality them as social scientists.

At the 1931 annual meeting of the American Sociological Society, Maurice Parmelee, an early behaviorist and criminologist, Robort Maclver, and Pitirim Sorokin among others, disturbed a memorandum in which they claimed that the programs and publications of the Society were develop in considerable part to practical rather than to scientific problems, that as a result the public has the impression that the Society is a religious, moral, and social reform organizat rather than scientific society, and that the Society has become in large part a society of applied sociology.

In 1934, the Society's Committee on Scope of Research reported that New Deal and other social welfare agencies were using sociological research for the solution of practical problems.

3.     Federal Funding For Applied Sociology: 1940 To 1980

Applied sociology received a substantial boost from World War II and then the War on Poverty. In both cases, research and observations collected in natural settings for applied purposes would generate new knowledge and contribute to sociology theories and concepts, as had been called for by Ogburn (1930) in his Society presidential address.

In November 1941, the War Department established a Research Branch in the Information and Education Division to provide the army command quickly and accurately with facts about the attitudes of soldiers.

In December 1942, a compendium of troop-attitude studies was published for limited army staff distribution, but each succeeding issue was more widely distributed, eventually down to the company level. Applied research was also conducted on the home front. In the fall of 1941, an Office of Facts and Figures was created in the Office of War Information (OWI) to collect survey data on public attitudes and behavior concerning a broad range of war- related problems, including civilian morale and the effects of wartime regulations.The OWI employed Paul Lazarsfeld among others.

In 1983, three of Lazarsfeld's formers students would be the directors of social research for the three major networks: CBS, ABC and NBC. By 1960, these and other university -based social research centers were producing empirical findings that had a considerable impact on sociological theories, methods and concepts. In 1961, the Society for the Study of Social Problems, under the leadership of Alvin Gouldner, focused its meeting on the topic of applied social science and its major papers were published in Applied Sociology: Opportunities and Problems. When Paul Lazarsfeld was elected ASA president, he proposed that the theme for the 1962 meetings be "Sociology in Action" or "Applied Sociology" to highlight the contribution of applied and case studies to theoretical and inethodological advances.

. In 1964, the U.S. Office of Education commissioned James S. Coleman to determine how educational opportunity, defined as condition of school buildings, trained teachers, and curricula, were distributed by race and ethnicity. The Coleman Report belies the argument that doing applied research for government agencies substantially limits intellectual and political independence and that applied researchers are at the beck and call of decision makers and policy implementers.

During this time, studies continued to bridge the gap between pure and applied research. For example, Benjamin Bloom's (1964) work on stability of IQ during early childhood later provided Head Start with data on where best to intervene with compensatory preschool educational programs, William Serwell's study (Sewell, Hausser, and Featherman 1976) on status attainment began as a state-sponsored survey of Wisconsin high school seniors, and Rosabeth Moss Kanter published he own research on corporation for a broader audience.

4.     PROFFESSIONAL AND TRAINING IN APLIED SOCIOLOGY: 1980 TO PRESENT

The late 1970's witnessed an increase in the production of M.A. and Ph.D. sociologists at a time when sociology departments were not hiring (Koppel 1993).

In the late 1960's, Alex Boros established what is believed to be the first graduate program in applied sociology at Kent State University. The late 19760's also saw the creation of the Clinical Sociological Association (renamed Sociological Practice Association) and the ASA Section on Sociological Practice. Then, in 1980, Peter Rossi became ASA President followed the next year by William Foote Whyte, both of whom considered themselves applied sociologists. An ASA Committee on Professional Opportunities in Applied Sociology, chaired by Howard Freeman, held a workshop in December 1981 tilted "Directions in Applied Sociology."

In 1991, ASA was awarded funds to establish the Sydney S. Spivak Program in Applied Social Research and Social Policy with the purpose of enhancing the visibility, prestige, and centrality of applied social research and the application of sociological knowledge to social policy.

In her SAS Presidential address, Jeanne Ballantine (1991) reported on a study of where sociology majors were employed after graduation, what employers were seeking and what undergraduate applied programs. SAS President Stephen Steele Conducted a needs assessment survey of SAS members in 1992 and found an interest in strengthening training programs at the graduate and undergraduate levels. Since 1970. many Ph.D. sociologists have conducted applied research in a variety of settings. A 1995 National Science Foundation survey of Ph.D. sociologists found that less than half (45.8 percent) of all sociologists taught sociology at the post secondary level and 27.1 percent of all Ph.D. sociologists were employed outside educational institutions. Sociologists William W. Darrow was the sole nonmedical scientist on the CDC Task Force in the early 1980's that did the initial investigations of what would be identified as the HIVIAIDS epidemic.

5.     APPLIED SOCIOLOGY IN THE 21ST CENTURY

Over the years, applied sociology has bridged sociological theory and sociological practice, bringing theory and ideas to professional practitioners and decision makers while, in return, contributing to the knowledge base of sociology as a science and discipline.

Applied sociology has tried to steer clear of entanglements with social philosophy and ethics, on the one hand, and social engineering, reform, and activism on the other. But the very nature of applied sociology, and the interests of those who choose to do it, will mean that such jurisdictional tensions will continue well into the twenty-first century as they have for the past 150 years. Although the primary focus of ASA will remain on basic research and academic positions, applied sociology, will continue to be recognized as a specialty/derivative field.

Applied sociology is very resilient. The term has survived for more than a hundred years despite vague defined and attempts to ignore or replace it. While sociology as a discipline and perspective may have increasing difficulties being appreciated in a culture of expanding individualism, personal liberty, and selfactualization, people, and especially social organizations and government agencies, will need to choose wisely on the basis of evidence. The heart of applied sociology is social research, and as long as decision makers want to know the social facts and people are trained to provide them, applied sociology will flourish.

Conclusion

Applied sociology well with any professional content wherever people not sociologist can help than grow by understanding this worker the issue are of interest in their organization rather than having a narrow focus on the types of companied group that might hire sociologist.

Sociology student and the wider public needed to better macogeniune that sociologist are imployed action a atultitude of Business, government and private industrial can contribute to the way world varies the applied research activities can be used in better social engineering that idealizes both the societies are constructed and reconstructed.

It has empowered the professionalism entirely. It has been as Empirical Engineering

Reference:
Perlstandt Harry. "Applied sociology" 21st Century Sociology, 2006. SAGE Publications, 8 November, 2011

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